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(able to be tested)

  • 1 amenable

    amenable [ə'mi:nəbəl]
    (a) (cooperative) accommodant, souple;
    ∎ to be amenable to sth être disposé à qch;
    ∎ to be amenable to reason être raisonnable ou disposé à entendre raison;
    ∎ the disease is amenable to treatment la maladie peut être traitée;
    ∎ amenable to kindness sensible à la bonté
    (b) Law (accountable) responsable;
    ∎ she is amenable for her actions to the committee elle est responsable de ses actes devant le comité;
    ∎ all citizens are amenable to the law tout citoyen est responsable devant la loi
    (c) (able to be tested) vérifiable;
    ∎ this data is amenable to analysis c'est données sont susceptibles d'être vérifiées par analyse

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > amenable

  • 2 Miller, Patrick

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1731 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 9 December 1815 Dalswinton, Dumfriesshire, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish merchant and banker, early experimenter in powered navigation and in ship form.
    [br]
    In his own words, Patrick Miller was "without a sixpence" in his early youth; this is difficult to prove one way or another as he ended his life as Director and Deputy Governor of the Bank of Scotland. One thing is clear however, that from his earliest days, in common with most of his counterparts of the late eighteenth century, he was interested in experimental and applied science. Having acquired a substantial income from other sources, Miller was able to indulge his interest in ships and engineering. His first important vessel was the trimaran Edinburgh, designed by him and launched at Leith in 1786. Propulsion was man-powered using paddle wheels positioned in the spaces between the outer and central hulls. This led to several trials of similar craft on the Forth in the 1780s, and ultimately to the celebrated Dalswinton Loch trials. In 1785 Miller had purchased the Dumfriesshire estate of Dalswinton and commenced a series of experiments on agricultural development and other matters. With the help of William Symington he built a double-hull steamship with internal paddle wheels which was tested on the Loch in 1788. The 7.6 m (25 ft) long ship travelled at 5 mph (8 km/h) on her trials, and according to unsubstantiated tradition carried a group of well-known people including the poet Robert Burns (1759–1796).
    Miller carried out many more important experiments and in 1796 obtained a patent for the design of shallow-drafted ships able to carry substantial cargo on flat bottoms. His main achievement may have been to stimulate William Symington, who at the beginning of the nineteenth century went on to design and build two of the world's first important steamships, each named Charlotte Dundas, for service on the Forth and Clyde Canal.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    H.Philip Spratt, 1958, The Birth of the Steamboat, London: Griffiths. W.S.Harvey and G.Downs-Rose, 1980, William Symington, Inventor and Engine
    Builder, London: Northgate.
    F.M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde. A History of Clyde Shipbuilding, Cambridge: PSL.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Miller, Patrick

  • 3 Sperry, Elmer Ambrose

    [br]
    b. 21 October 1860 Cincinnatus, Cortland County, New York, USA
    d. 16 June 1930 Brooklyn, New York, USA
    [br]
    American entrepreneur who invented the gyrocompass.
    [br]
    Sperry was born into a farming community in Cortland County. He received a rudimentary education at the local school, but an interest in mechanical devices was aroused by the agricultural machinery he saw around him. His attendance at the Normal School in Cortland provided a useful theoretical background to his practical knowledge. He emerged in 1880 with an urge to pursue invention in electrical engineering, then a new and growing branch of technology. Within two years he was able to patent and demonstrate his arc lighting system, complete with its own generator, incorporating new methods of regulating its output. The Sperry Electric Light, Motor and Car Brake Company was set up to make and market the system, but it was difficult to keep pace with electric-lighting developments such as the incandescent lamp and alternating current, and the company ceased in 1887 and was replaced by the Sperry Electric Company, which itself was taken over by the General Electric Company.
    In the 1890s Sperry made useful inventions in electric mining machinery and then in electric street-or tramcars, with his patent electric brake and control system. The patents for the brake were important enough to be bought by General Electric. From 1894 to 1900 he was manufacturing electric motor cars of his own design, and in 1900 he set up a laboratory in Washington, where he pursued various electrochemical processes.
    In 1896 he began to work on the practical application of the principle of the gyroscope, where Sperry achieved his most notable inventions, the first of which was the gyrostabilizer for ships. The relatively narrow-hulled steamship rolled badly in heavy seas and in 1904 Ernst Otto Schuck, a German naval engineer, and Louis Brennan in England began experiments to correct this; their work stimulated Sperry to develop his own device. In 1908 he patented the active gyrostabilizer, which acted to correct a ship's roll as soon as it started. Three years later the US Navy agreed to try it on a destroyer, the USS Worden. The successful trials of the following year led to widespread adoption. Meanwhile, in 1910, Sperry set up the Sperry Gyroscope Company to extend the application to commercial shipping.
    At the same time, Sperry was working to apply the gyroscope principle to the ship's compass. The magnetic compass had worked well in wooden ships, but iron hulls and electrical machinery confused it. The great powers' race to build up their navies instigated an urgent search for a solution. In Germany, Anschütz-Kämpfe (1872–1931) in 1903 tested a form of gyrocompass and was encouraged by the authorities to demonstrate the device on the German flagship, the Deutschland. Its success led Sperry to develop his own version: fortunately for him, the US Navy preferred a home-grown product to a German one and gave Sperry all the backing he needed. A successful trial on a destroyer led to widespread acceptance in the US Navy, and Sperry was soon receiving orders from the British Admiralty and the Russian Navy.
    In the rapidly developing field of aeronautics, automatic stabilization was becoming an urgent need. In 1912 Sperry began work on a gyrostabilizer for aircraft. Two years later he was able to stage a spectacular demonstration of such a device at an air show near Paris.
    Sperry continued research, development and promotion in military and aviation technology almost to the last. In 1926 he sold the Sperry Gyroscope Company to enable him to devote more time to invention.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    John Fritz Medal 1927. President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1928.
    Bibliography
    Sperry filed over 400 patents, of which two can be singled out: 1908. US patent no. 434,048 (ship gyroscope); 1909. US patent no. 519,533 (ship gyrocompass set).
    Further Reading
    T.P.Hughes, 1971, Elmer Sperry, Inventor and Engineer, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (a full and well-documented biography, with lists of his patents and published writings).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Sperry, Elmer Ambrose

  • 4 handle

    1. noun
    1) (part held) [Hand]griff, der; (of bag etc.) [Trag]griff, der; (of knife, chisel) Heft, das; Griff, der; (of axe, brush, comb, broom, saucepan) Stiel, der; (of handbag) Bügel, der; (of door) Klinke, die; (of bucket, watering can, cup, jug) Henkel, der; (of pump) Schwengel, der

    fly off the handle — (fig. coll.) an die Decke gehen (ugs.)

    2) (coll.): (title) Titel, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) (touch, feel) anfassen

    ‘Fragile! Handle with care!’ — "Vorsicht! Zerbrechlich!"

    2) (deal with) umgehen mit [Person, Tier, Situation]; führen [Verhandlung]; erledigen [Korrespondenz, Telefonat usw.]; (cope with) fertigwerden od. zurechtkommen mit [Person, Tier, Situation]
    3) (control) handhaben [Fahrzeug, Flugzeug]
    4) (process, transport) umschlagen [Fracht]

    Heathrow handles x passengers per year — in Heathrow werden pro Jahr x Passagiere abgefertigt

    * * *
    ['hændl] 1. noun
    (the part of an object by which it may be held or grasped: I've broken the handle off this cup; You've got to turn the handle in order to open the door.) der Griff
    2. verb
    1) (to touch or hold with the hand: Please wash your hands before handling food.) anfassen
    2) (to control, manage or deal with: He'll never make a good teacher - he doesn't know how to handle children.) umgehen mit
    3) (to buy or sell; to deal in: I'm afraid we do not handle such goods in this shop.) handeln mit
    4) (to treat in a particular way: Never handle animals roughly.) behandeln
    •
    - academic.ru/114899/-handled">-handled
    - handler
    - handlebars
    * * *
    han·dle
    [ˈhændl̩]
    I. n
    1. (handgrip) Griff m; of a pot, basket Henkel m; of a door Klinke f, Schnalle f ÖSTERR; of a handbag Bügel m; of a broom, comb Stiel m; of a pump Schwengel m
    to turn a [door] \handle eine [Tür]klinke hinunterdrücken
    2. ( fig: pretext) Vorwand m
    to serve as a \handle for sth als Vorwand für etw akk dienen
    3. ( fam: title) [Adels]titel m; (posh name) hochtrabender Name pej; (nickname) Beiname m
    he is knighted and has a \handle to his name er ist zum Ritter geschlagen worden und trägt [o hat] einen [Adels]titel
    his meanness earned him a \handle to his name sein Geiz brachte ihm einen Beinamen ein
    4. AM (on CB radio) Code m
    5. COMPUT (in programming) Dateinummer f, Handle m fachspr
    6. COMPUT (in a GUI) Anfasser m fachspr
    7.
    ▶ to fly off the \handle ( fam) hochgehen fig fam
    ▶ to get a \handle on sth (get under control) etw in den Griff bekommen; (gain understanding of) einen Zugang zu etw dat finden
    II. vt
    1. (feel, grasp)
    ▪ to \handle sth etw anfassen
    “\handle with care” „Vorsicht, zerbrechlich!“
    “\handle with care, glass!” „Vorsicht, Glas!“
    ▪ to \handle sth etw befördern [o transportieren
    3.
    ▪ to \handle sth (work on, process) etw bearbeiten; (be in charge of) für etw akk zuständig sein
    to \handle sb's affairs sich um jds Angelegenheiten kümmern
    to \handle sb's business jds Geschäfte führen
    to \handle luggage Gepäck abfertigen
    4.
    ▪ to \handle sth (manage) etw bewältigen; (sort out) etw regeln
    can you \handle it alone? schaffst du das alleine?
    I'll \handle this ich mach das schon
    to \handle a problem (cope with) mit einem Problem fertigwerden; (sort out) ein Problem regeln
    5. (treat, deal with) mit etw umgehen
    ▪ to \handle sb mit jdm umgehen
    he was \handled with great tact er wurde sehr taktvoll behandelt
    I find it hard to \handle this subject ich kann nur sehr schwer mit diesem Thema umgehen
    I just didn't know how to \handle the situation ich wusste einfach nicht, wie ich mich in dieser Situation verhalten sollte [o wie ich mit der Situation umgehen sollte]
    I find him hard to \handle ich komme nur schwer mit ihm zurecht
    ▪ to \handle sth etw behandeln, sich akk mit etw dat befassen
    this writer \handles the subject of pornography very sensitively dieser Autor geht sehr behutsam mit dem Thema Pornografie um
    7.
    ▪ to \handle sth (use) mit etw dat umgehen; (operate) etw handhaben
    have you ever \handled a gun before? hattest du jemals eine Pistole in der Hand?
    to \handle a machine eine Maschine bedienen
    to \handle a car/motorbike safely sicher Auto/Motorrad fahren, ein Fahrzeug fahren
    to be able to \handle sth mit etw dat umgehen können
    ▪ to \handle sth mit etw dat handeln
    we only \handle cosmetics which have not been tested on animals wir führen nur Kosmetik[artikel] ohne Tierversuche [o tierversuchsfreie Kosmetik
    III. vi + adv sich handhaben lassen
    this car \handles really well dieser Wagen fährt sich wirklich gut
    * * *
    ['hndl]
    1. n
    1) Griff m; (of door) Klinke f, Griff m; (esp of broom, saucepan) Stiel m; (esp of basket, bucket, casserole, cup, jug etc) Henkel m; (of handbag) Griff m, Bügel m; (of pump) Schwengel m; (of car = starting handle) (Anlass- or Start)kurbel f

    to fly off the handle (inf) — an die Decke gehen (inf)

    to have/get a handle on sth (inf) — etw im Griff haben/in den Griff bekommen

    2) (fig: pretext) Handhabe f

    to have a handle to one's name — ein "von und zu" sein (inf)

    2. vt
    1) (= touch, use hands on) anfassen, berühren; (FTBL) ball mit der Hand berühren

    "handle with care" — "Vorsicht - zerbrechlich"; "Vorsicht Glas/Blumen" etc

    2) (= deal with) person, animal, plant, tool, weapon, machine, words, numbers, money etc umgehen mit; economy handhaben; legal or financial matters erledigen; legal case handhaben, bearbeiten; applicant, matter, problem sich befassen mit; material for essay etc bearbeiten, verarbeiten; (= tackle) problem, interview etc anfassen, anpacken; (= succeed in coping with) child, drunk, situation, problem, emergency fertig werden mit; (= resolve) matter erledigen; (= control) vehicle, plane, ship steuern

    a car that is easy to handle — ein Auto, das leicht zu fahren or zu steuern ist

    there's a salesman at the door – I'll handle him — ein Vertreter ist an der Tür – ich werde ihn abfertigen

    you keep quiet, I'll handle this — sei still, lass mich mal machen

    or defense (US) — der Angeklagte beschloss, seine eigene Verteidigung zu übernehmen

    who's handling the publicity for this? —

    3) (COMM) types of goods, items handeln mit or in (+dat); orders bearbeiten; prescriptions ausführen; shares, securities handeln; financial affairs besorgen

    airport workers refused to handle goods for Uganda — die Flughafenarbeiter weigerten sich, Waren nach Uganda abzufertigen

    the millionaire has several secretaries to handle his business —

    3. vi
    (ship, plane) sich steuern lassen; (car, motorbike) sich fahren or lenken lassen; (gun) sich handhaben lassen
    4. vr

    they observed how the applicant handled himself — sie beobachteten, wie der Bewerber sich verhielt

    * * *
    handle [ˈhændl]
    A s
    1. a) (Hand)Griff m
    b) Stiel m, Heft n
    c) Henkel m (am Topf etc)
    d) Klinke f, Drücker m (einer Tür)
    e) Kurbel f
    f) Schwengel m (einer Pumpe):
    handle of the face hum Nase f;
    handle to sb’s name umg Titel m;
    fly off the handle umg hochgehen, aufbrausen, wütend werden
    2. fig Handhabe f ( against gegen), Angriffspunkt m, -fläche f:
    give sb a handle jemandem eine Angriffsfläche bieten
    3. fig Vorwand m:
    serve as a handle als Vorwand dienen
    4. get (to have) a handle on sth US fig etwas in den Griff bekommen (im Griff haben)
    B v/t
    1. berühren, befühlen, anfassen, in Berührung kommen mit:
    handle the ball (Fußball) ein Handspiel begehen
    2. Werkzeuge etc handhaben, (geschickt) gebrauchen, hantieren oder umgehen mit, eine Maschine bedienen:
    handle with care behutsam umgehen mit
    3. a) ein Thema etc behandeln, eine Sache auch handhaben
    b) etwas erledigen, durchführen, abwickeln
    c) mit etwas oder jemandem fertig werden, etwas deichseln umg:
    I can handle it (him) damit (mit ihm) werde ich fertig
    4. jemanden behandeln, umgehen mit, anfassen: → kid glove
    a) betreuen
    b) dressieren oder abrichten (u. vorführen)
    6. a) einen Boxer trainieren
    b) einen Boxer betreuen, sekundieren (dat)
    7. sich beschäftigen mit
    8. Güter befördern, weiterleiten
    9. WIRTSCH Handel treiben mit, handeln mit
    C v/i
    1. sich leicht etc handhaben lassen:
    the car handles well on bends der Wagen liegt gut in der Kurve
    2. sich weich etc anfühlen
    3. “Glass - handle with care!” „Vorsicht, Glas!“
    4. Fußball: ein Handspiel begehen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (part held) [Hand]griff, der; (of bag etc.) [Trag]griff, der; (of knife, chisel) Heft, das; Griff, der; (of axe, brush, comb, broom, saucepan) Stiel, der; (of handbag) Bügel, der; (of door) Klinke, die; (of bucket, watering can, cup, jug) Henkel, der; (of pump) Schwengel, der

    fly off the handle — (fig. coll.) an die Decke gehen (ugs.)

    2) (coll.): (title) Titel, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) (touch, feel) anfassen

    ‘Fragile! Handle with care!’ — "Vorsicht! Zerbrechlich!"

    2) (deal with) umgehen mit [Person, Tier, Situation]; führen [Verhandlung]; erledigen [Korrespondenz, Telefonat usw.]; (cope with) fertigwerden od. zurechtkommen mit [Person, Tier, Situation]
    3) (control) handhaben [Fahrzeug, Flugzeug]
    4) (process, transport) umschlagen [Fracht]
    * * *
    n.
    Griff -e m.
    Henkel - m.
    Klinke -n f.
    Stiel -e m. v.
    anfassen v.
    bedienen v.
    behandeln v.
    handhaben v.
    verarbeiten v.

    English-german dictionary > handle

  • 5 handle

    han·dle [ʼhændl̩] n
    1) ( handgrip to move objects) Griff m; of pot Henkel m; of door Klinke f; of handbag Bügel m;
    to turn a \handle eine [Tür]klinke hinunterdrücken
    2) (sl: name with highborn connotations) [Adels]titel m
    3) (Am) ( on CB radio) Deckname m
    PHRASES:
    to get a \handle on sth ( get under control) etw unter Kontrolle bringen;
    ( gain understanding of) einen Zugang zu etw dat finden vt
    to \handle sth
    1) (feel, grasp an object) etw anfassen;
    \handle with care, glass! Vorsicht, Glas!
    2) (move, transport sth) etw befördern [o transportieren];
    3) (deal with, direct) sich akk mit etw dat befassen;
    can you \handle it alone? schaffst du das alleine? ( fam)
    who \handles the marketing in your company? wer ist in Ihrer Firma für das Marketing zuständig?;
    to \handle people mit Menschen umgehen
    4) (discuss, write about) etw behandeln, sich akk mit etw dat befassen;
    this writer \handles the subject of pornography very sensitively dieser Autor geht sehr behutsam mit dem Thema Pornographie um
    5) gun, knife etw handhaben [o bedienen];
    have you ever \handled a gun before? hattest du jemals eine Pistole in der Hand?;
    to be able to \handle sth mit etw dat umgehen können
    6) ( esp Brit) ( buy and sell) mit etw dat handeln;
    we only \handle cosmetics which have not been tested on animals wir führen nur Kosmetikartikel, die nicht an Tieren getestet wurden vi + adv sich akk handhaben lassen;
    this car \handles really well dieser Wagen lässt sich echt gut fahren

    English-German students dictionary > handle

  • 6 rational

    •• rational, rationale, rationalize, rationalization

    •• Rational 1. of reason or reasoning. 2. able to reason; having the faculty of reasoning. 3. sensible; that can be tested by reasoning.
    •• Rationale fundamental reason, logical basis (of something) (A.S. Hornby).
    •• Rationalize 1. to make logical and consistent. 2. to invent a rational explanation of. 3. to find false reasons for (irrational or unworthy behavior) (Oxford American Dictionary).
    •• Слово rationalize имеет значение упорядочить, упорядочение (rationalization of UN procedures). В этом случае все довольно просто. Сложнее, когда это слово употребляется в значении подыскивать (рациональное) объяснение, пытаться оправдать что-либо рационально аргументировать. Дело в том, что чаще всего оно употребляется в этом значении в сугубо отрицательном контексте, а переводчик не всегда это чувствует. Вот характерный пример: In the non-election season, editors have willingly given their pages over to hidden advertising of all sorts, using myriad rationalizations to justify betraying their readers (Robert Coalson). – В год без выборов редакторы охотно предоставляют свои страницы для различных видов скрытой рекламы, прибегая ко всяческим уловкам, чтобы оправдать такое предательство интересов читателей. См. также generalize, generalization.
    •• Слово rational часто соответствует русскому рациональный (rational discourse – рациональная/осмысленная речь), а вот в обратном направлении ситуация иная. Русское рациональный становится «ложным другом». Поэтому рациональная технология – efficient technology, рациональное решение – reasonable/appropriate solution (или decision, в зависимости от контекста).
    •• Наконец, rationale (произносится ) – слово, которое не надо путать с rational. Оно означает принцип, лежащий в основе чего-то, аргументация, объяснение. В отличие от rationalization, rationale обычно не имеет отрицательного оттенка. Для иллюстрации возможных контекстуальных переводов приведу несколько примеров:
    •• 1....the necessity to confront a choice between the geopolitical rationale and American capabilities (Henry Kissinger). – ...выбор между геополитическими целями и возможностями США;
    •• 2. There was no political rationale for Britain to become involved (Henry Kissinger). – Для Великобритании не имело политического смысла втягиваться в это дело;
    •• 3. Starr... defended [his methods]... But it was difficult to square that rationale with some of the questions [his] agents were asking (Time). – ...но эти утверждения (объяснения, аргументы) плохо увязываются с некоторыми вопросами, которые задавали его агенты;
    •• 4. Most Americans understand the challenge Mr. Tung faces... Few, however, will understand the rationale of restricting democracy (Washington Post). – ...немногие, однако, согласятся с тем, что необходимо ограничить демократию.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > rational

  • 7 rationale

    •• rational, rationale, rationalize, rationalization

    •• Rational 1. of reason or reasoning. 2. able to reason; having the faculty of reasoning. 3. sensible; that can be tested by reasoning.
    •• Rationale fundamental reason, logical basis (of something) (A.S. Hornby).
    •• Rationalize 1. to make logical and consistent. 2. to invent a rational explanation of. 3. to find false reasons for (irrational or unworthy behavior) (Oxford American Dictionary).
    •• Слово rationalize имеет значение упорядочить, упорядочение (rationalization of UN procedures). В этом случае все довольно просто. Сложнее, когда это слово употребляется в значении подыскивать (рациональное) объяснение, пытаться оправдать что-либо рационально аргументировать. Дело в том, что чаще всего оно употребляется в этом значении в сугубо отрицательном контексте, а переводчик не всегда это чувствует. Вот характерный пример: In the non-election season, editors have willingly given their pages over to hidden advertising of all sorts, using myriad rationalizations to justify betraying their readers (Robert Coalson). – В год без выборов редакторы охотно предоставляют свои страницы для различных видов скрытой рекламы, прибегая ко всяческим уловкам, чтобы оправдать такое предательство интересов читателей. См. также generalize, generalization.
    •• Слово rational часто соответствует русскому рациональный (rational discourse – рациональная/осмысленная речь), а вот в обратном направлении ситуация иная. Русское рациональный становится «ложным другом». Поэтому рациональная технология – efficient technology, рациональное решение – reasonable/appropriate solution (или decision, в зависимости от контекста).
    •• Наконец, rationale (произносится ) – слово, которое не надо путать с rational. Оно означает принцип, лежащий в основе чего-то, аргументация, объяснение. В отличие от rationalization, rationale обычно не имеет отрицательного оттенка. Для иллюстрации возможных контекстуальных переводов приведу несколько примеров:
    •• 1....the necessity to confront a choice between the geopolitical rationale and American capabilities (Henry Kissinger). – ...выбор между геополитическими целями и возможностями США;
    •• 2. There was no political rationale for Britain to become involved (Henry Kissinger). – Для Великобритании не имело политического смысла втягиваться в это дело;
    •• 3. Starr... defended [his methods]... But it was difficult to square that rationale with some of the questions [his] agents were asking (Time). – ...но эти утверждения (объяснения, аргументы) плохо увязываются с некоторыми вопросами, которые задавали его агенты;
    •• 4. Most Americans understand the challenge Mr. Tung faces... Few, however, will understand the rationale of restricting democracy (Washington Post). – ...немногие, однако, согласятся с тем, что необходимо ограничить демократию.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > rationale

  • 8 rationalization

    •• rational, rationale, rationalize, rationalization

    •• Rational 1. of reason or reasoning. 2. able to reason; having the faculty of reasoning. 3. sensible; that can be tested by reasoning.
    •• Rationale fundamental reason, logical basis (of something) (A.S. Hornby).
    •• Rationalize 1. to make logical and consistent. 2. to invent a rational explanation of. 3. to find false reasons for (irrational or unworthy behavior) (Oxford American Dictionary).
    •• Слово rationalize имеет значение упорядочить, упорядочение (rationalization of UN procedures). В этом случае все довольно просто. Сложнее, когда это слово употребляется в значении подыскивать (рациональное) объяснение, пытаться оправдать что-либо рационально аргументировать. Дело в том, что чаще всего оно употребляется в этом значении в сугубо отрицательном контексте, а переводчик не всегда это чувствует. Вот характерный пример: In the non-election season, editors have willingly given their pages over to hidden advertising of all sorts, using myriad rationalizations to justify betraying their readers (Robert Coalson). – В год без выборов редакторы охотно предоставляют свои страницы для различных видов скрытой рекламы, прибегая ко всяческим уловкам, чтобы оправдать такое предательство интересов читателей. См. также generalize, generalization.
    •• Слово rational часто соответствует русскому рациональный (rational discourse – рациональная/осмысленная речь), а вот в обратном направлении ситуация иная. Русское рациональный становится «ложным другом». Поэтому рациональная технология – efficient technology, рациональное решение – reasonable/appropriate solution (или decision, в зависимости от контекста).
    •• Наконец, rationale (произносится ) – слово, которое не надо путать с rational. Оно означает принцип, лежащий в основе чего-то, аргументация, объяснение. В отличие от rationalization, rationale обычно не имеет отрицательного оттенка. Для иллюстрации возможных контекстуальных переводов приведу несколько примеров:
    •• 1....the necessity to confront a choice between the geopolitical rationale and American capabilities (Henry Kissinger). – ...выбор между геополитическими целями и возможностями США;
    •• 2. There was no political rationale for Britain to become involved (Henry Kissinger). – Для Великобритании не имело политического смысла втягиваться в это дело;
    •• 3. Starr... defended [his methods]... But it was difficult to square that rationale with some of the questions [his] agents were asking (Time). – ...но эти утверждения (объяснения, аргументы) плохо увязываются с некоторыми вопросами, которые задавали его агенты;
    •• 4. Most Americans understand the challenge Mr. Tung faces... Few, however, will understand the rationale of restricting democracy (Washington Post). – ...немногие, однако, согласятся с тем, что необходимо ограничить демократию.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > rationalization

  • 9 rationalize

    •• rational, rationale, rationalize, rationalization

    •• Rational 1. of reason or reasoning. 2. able to reason; having the faculty of reasoning. 3. sensible; that can be tested by reasoning.
    •• Rationale fundamental reason, logical basis (of something) (A.S. Hornby).
    •• Rationalize 1. to make logical and consistent. 2. to invent a rational explanation of. 3. to find false reasons for (irrational or unworthy behavior) (Oxford American Dictionary).
    •• Слово rationalize имеет значение упорядочить, упорядочение (rationalization of UN procedures). В этом случае все довольно просто. Сложнее, когда это слово употребляется в значении подыскивать (рациональное) объяснение, пытаться оправдать что-либо рационально аргументировать. Дело в том, что чаще всего оно употребляется в этом значении в сугубо отрицательном контексте, а переводчик не всегда это чувствует. Вот характерный пример: In the non-election season, editors have willingly given their pages over to hidden advertising of all sorts, using myriad rationalizations to justify betraying their readers (Robert Coalson). – В год без выборов редакторы охотно предоставляют свои страницы для различных видов скрытой рекламы, прибегая ко всяческим уловкам, чтобы оправдать такое предательство интересов читателей. См. также generalize, generalization.
    •• Слово rational часто соответствует русскому рациональный (rational discourse – рациональная/осмысленная речь), а вот в обратном направлении ситуация иная. Русское рациональный становится «ложным другом». Поэтому рациональная технология – efficient technology, рациональное решение – reasonable/appropriate solution (или decision, в зависимости от контекста).
    •• Наконец, rationale (произносится ) – слово, которое не надо путать с rational. Оно означает принцип, лежащий в основе чего-то, аргументация, объяснение. В отличие от rationalization, rationale обычно не имеет отрицательного оттенка. Для иллюстрации возможных контекстуальных переводов приведу несколько примеров:
    •• 1....the necessity to confront a choice between the geopolitical rationale and American capabilities (Henry Kissinger). – ...выбор между геополитическими целями и возможностями США;
    •• 2. There was no political rationale for Britain to become involved (Henry Kissinger). – Для Великобритании не имело политического смысла втягиваться в это дело;
    •• 3. Starr... defended [his methods]... But it was difficult to square that rationale with some of the questions [his] agents were asking (Time). – ...но эти утверждения (объяснения, аргументы) плохо увязываются с некоторыми вопросами, которые задавали его агенты;
    •• 4. Most Americans understand the challenge Mr. Tung faces... Few, however, will understand the rationale of restricting democracy (Washington Post). – ...немногие, однако, согласятся с тем, что необходимо ограничить демократию.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > rationalize

  • 10 Carlson, Chester Floyd

    [br]
    b. 8 July 1906 Seattle, Washington, USA
    d. 19 September 1968 New York, USA
    [br]
    [br]
    Carlson studied physics at the California Institute of Technology and in 1930 he took a research position at Bell Telephone Laboratories, but soon transferred to their patent department. To equip himself in this field, Carlson studied law, and in 1934 he became a patent attorney at P.R.Mallory \& Co., makers of electrical apparatus. He was struck by the difficulty in obtaining copies of documents and drawings; indeed, while still at school, he had encountered printing problems in trying to produce a newsletter for amateur chemists. He began experimenting with various light-sensitive substances, and by 1937 he had conceived the basic principles of xerography ("dry writing"), using the property of certain substances of losing an electrostatic charge when light impinges on them. His work for Mallory brought him into contact with the Battelle Memorial Institute, the world's largest non-profit research organization; their subsidiary, set up to develop promising ideas, took up Carlson's invention. Carlson received his first US patent for the process in 1940, with two more in 1942, and he assigned to Battelle exclusive patent rights in return for a share of any future proceeds. It was at Battelle that selenium was substituted as the light-sensitive material.
    In 1946 the Haloid Company of Rochester, manufacturers of photographic materials and photocopying equipment, heard of the Xerox copier and, seeing it as a possible addition to their products, took out a licence to develop it commercially. The first Xerox Copier was tested during 1949 and put on the market the following year. The process soon began to displace older methods, such as Photostat, but its full impact on the public came in 1959 with the advent of the Xerox 914 Copier. It is fair to apply the overworked word "revolution" to the change in copying methods initiated by Carlson. He became a multimillionaire from his royalties and stock holding, and in his last years he was able to indulge in philanthropic activities.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1968, New York Times, 20 September.
    R.M.Schaffert, 1954, "Developments in xerography", Penrose Annual.
    J.Jewkes, 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London: Macmillan, pp. 405–8.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Carlson, Chester Floyd

  • 11 Lilienthal, Otto

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 23 May 1848 Anklam, Prussia (now Germany)
    d. 10 August 1896 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German glider pioneer, the first to make a controlled flight using wings.
    [br]
    Otto Lilienthal and his brother Gustav developed an interest in flying as boys, when they studied birds in flight, built models and even tried to fit wings to their arms. Gustav went on to become a successful architect while Otto, after a brilliant scholastic career, became a mechanical engineer. Otto was able to devote his spare time to the problems of flight, and Gustav helped when his work allowed. They considered manpowered and mechanically powered projects, but neither looked hopeful so they turned to gliding. Otto published his research work in a book, Bird Flight as a Basis for Aviation. By 1889 Otto Lilienthal was ready to test his first full-size gliders. No. 1 and No. 2 were not successful, but No. 3, built in 1891, showed promise. He gradually improved his designs and his launching sites as he gained experience. To take off he ran downhill carrying his hang-glider until it became airborne, then he controlled it by swinging his body weight in the appropriate direction. He even built an artificial mound near Berlin so that he could take off into the wind whichever way it was blowing.
    In all, Lilienthal built some eighteen gliders with various wing shapes, including biplanes. By 1895 he was planning movable control surfaces (operated by head movement) and a powered version using a carbonic acid gas motor. Unfortunately, Lilienthal crashed and died of his injuries before these ideas could be tested. In all, he made over two thousand flights covering distances up to 300 m (300 yds. Many of these flights were recorded on photographs and so generated an interest in flying. Lilienthal's achievements also encouraged other pioneers, such as Percy Pilcher in Britain, and Octave Chanute and the Wright brothers in the United States.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1899, Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst, Berlin, reprinted c. 1977; repub. in English, 1911, as Bird Flight as a Basis for Aviation.
    Further Reading
    Charles H.Gibbs-Smith, 1985, Aviation, London (provides a detailed account of Lilienthal's gliders).
    P.H.Lilienthal, 1978, "Die Lilienthal Gebrüder", Aerospace (Royal Aeronautical Society) (January) (for more personal information).
    "The Lilienthal and Pilcher gliders compared", Flight (1 January 1910 and 8 January 1910) (for details about and plans of a typical Lilienthal glider).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Lilienthal, Otto

  • 12 Piccard, Auguste

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 28 January 1884 Basel, Switzerland
    d. 24 March 1962 Lausanne, Switzerland
    [br]
    Swiss physicist who developed balloons to explore the upper atmosphere.
    [br]
    Auguste Piccard and his twin brother, Jean-Félix, studied together in Zurich and qualified as a physicist and a chemist, respectively. In 1913 they made a sixteen-hour balloon flight together, and in 1915 they joined the balloon section of the Swiss Army. Auguste moved to Brussels as Professor of Applied Physics in 1922 and he carried out research into cosmic radiation. He realized that he needed to ascend into the rarefied air of the stratosphere in order to study these cosmic rays. His target was 16,000 m (52,500 ft), but no one had ever ventured to this height before.
    Not surprisingly, Auguste Piccard turned to a balloon for his experiments, and during 1930 he designed a hydrogen balloon with a spherical gondola to house the crew. This gondola was sealed and pressurized with air, just as a modern airliner has a pressurized cabin. With Belgian finance, Piccard was able to build his balloon, and on 27 May 1931 he and his colleague Paul Kipfer reached a height of 15,781 m (51,775 ft). Although this was a world record and created great public interest, Piccard was a scientist rather than a record breaker, and as he needed further information he prepared for another ascent. His new gondola was equipped with radio and improved scientific equipment. On 18 August 1932 it ascended from Zurich and reached a height of 16,201 m (53,152 ft).
    Jean-Félix was also interested in high-altitude balloon flights and in 1934, together with his wife, he ascended through a clouded sky and reached 17,550m (57,579ft). Jean- Félix also tested a gondola lifted by ninety-eight small balloons, and he developed frost-resistant windows. Other balloonists followed with record-breaking high-altitude flights, but Auguste Piccard, aided by his son Jacques, turned his attention to exploration of the depths of the ocean.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1950, Between Earth and Sky, London. 1956, In Balloon and Bathyscaph, London.
    Further Reading
    D.H.de Vorkin, 1990, Race to the Stratosphere, Berlin (the first chapters describe the work of the Piccard twins).
    Pierre de Latil and Jean Rivoire, 1962, Le Professeur Auguste Piccard, France.
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Piccard, Auguste

  • 13 Schanck, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1740 Fife, Scotland d. 1823
    [br]
    Scottish admiral, builder of small ships with revolutionary form, pioneer of sliding keels.
    [br]
    Schanck first went to sea in the merchant service, but in 1758 he was transferred to the Royal Navy. After four years as an able seaman, he was made a midshipman (a rare occurrence in those days), and by perseverance was commissioned Lieutenant in 1776 and appointed to command a small vessel operating in the St Lawrence. Being known as an inventive and practical officer, he was soon placed in charge of shipbuilding operations for the British on the Great Lakes and quickly constructed a small fleet that operated on Lake Champlain and elsewhere. He was promoted Captain in 1783. In earlier years Schanck had built a small sliding-keel yacht and sailed it in Boston Harbor. The Admiralty accepted the idea and tested two similar small craft, one with and the other without sliding keels. The success of the keels encouraged the authorities to build further craft of increasing size, culminating in the Lady Nelson, which carried out many surveys in Australian waters at the end of the eighteenth century. Service with the Army and the transport board followed, when his special knowledge and skill were used to the full in the waterways of the Netherlands. Schanck rose to the rank of full Admiral, and advised not only the British Government on coastal defence but other groups on many aspects of hull design.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    John Charnock, 1800, A History of Marine Architecture, etc., London.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Schanck, John

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